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	Serbia Europe	Italy Europe	Türkiye Europe
Overview	Serbia is an attractive non-EU European jurisdiction for founders, IT professionals, and remote workers - with accessible residency and competitive costs. Bordercase coordinates with licensed Serbian partners for filings.	Italy offers EU residency routes for self-employed, entrepreneurs, retirees, and recently a digital nomad / remote worker route. Bordercase coordinates with licensed Italian partners for filings and tax planning.	Türkiye offers a range of residency routes from short-term tourist residency to longer-term investor / family / work routes. Bordercase coordinates with licensed Turkish lawyers for filings.
Best for	Founders IT professionals Cost of living Regional hub	Families Remote workers EU access Long-term residency	Citizenship by investment Cost of living Regional residency Families
Currency	RSD	EUR	TRY
Language	Serbian	Italian	Turkish
Time zone	UTC+1	UTC+1	UTC+3
EU member	No	Yes	No
Schengen	No	Yes	No
Residency	Serbian residency routes: Temporary residence via employment Self-employment / business Real-estate ownership Family reunification IT-focused residency framework Permanent residence typically after 3 years of continuous temporary residence.	Italian residency routes: Elective Residency Visa - passive income, no employment in Italy Self-employment visa (within quota) Entrepreneur visa Investor visa Digital nomad / remote worker - for qualified professionals Flat-tax regime (Article 24-bis) and impatriate regime may apply.	Türkiye residency routes: Short-term residence permit (1-2 years, renewable) Family permit Work permit - employer-sponsored Student permit Citizenship-by-investment via real estate or qualifying deposits / investments
Company setup	DOO (limited liability) is the standard structure. Formation is well-documented, with online steps available. Tax registration (PIB) and APR (Business Registers Agency) registration follow.	SRL (Limited Liability Company) and SRL Semplificata are the standard structures. Italian tax residency triggers worldwide reporting; the flat-tax regime for new residents (article 24-bis) and the impatriate regime may apply to eligible individuals.	Limited Şirket (LLC) and AŞ (Joint Stock) are common structures. Notary registration, tax registration, and a tax representative are typically required.
Banking	Personal and corporate banking for residents is broadly accessible. Source-of-funds documentation matters for non-standard cases. Bordercase coordinates banking introductions.	Resident banking is straightforward; corporate banking and certain non-standard structures require coordination. Bordercase introduces banking partners where useful.	Personal banking for residents is broadly accessible; non-resident corporate banking has tightened. Source-of-funds and ownership clarity are central.
Family	Family reunification is supported. International schools (English, French, Russian) are available in Belgrade.	Family reunification is supported. Public and private schools are widely available; international schools are concentrated in major cities.	Family reunification is supported on most routes. International schools (English, German, French, Italian) are available in Istanbul and Ankara.
Risks	Risks Bordercase watches for in Serbia: Tax residency triggers VAT registration timing Processing variations between MUP offices EU Schengen access requires planning for cross-border travel	Risks Bordercase watches for in Italy: Tax residency triggers Flat-tax regime eligibility and possible revocation Regional administrative variation Language and bureaucratic friction Impatriate regime conditions vary	Risks Bordercase watches for in Türkiye: Restricted residency zones (some districts no longer issue short-term residency to foreigners) Currency volatility on investment routes Shifting policy on the citizenship-by-investment programme Banking documentation requirements tighten regularly
Documents	Typical Serbian residency documents: Passport Criminal record certificate Proof of address Basis for residence (employment, business, etc.) Health insurance Family certificates Apostilled and translated to Serbian.	Typical Italian residency documents: Passport Criminal record certificate Proof of income (significant for elective residency) Health insurance valid in Italy Accommodation evidence Codice fiscale (tax number) Apostille and certified Italian translation where required.	Typical Türkiye documents: Passport Biometric photos Proof of address Proof of income or savings Health insurance Criminal record certificate Marriage / birth certificates for family Documents apostilled and translated to Turkish.

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