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	Romania Europe	Türkiye Europe	Italy Europe
Overview	Romania is an EU member state with structured residency routes, accessible company formation, and competitive costs for founders and remote professionals. Bordercase coordinates with licensed Romanian partners.	Türkiye offers a range of residency routes from short-term tourist residency to longer-term investor / family / work routes. Bordercase coordinates with licensed Turkish lawyers for filings.	Italy offers EU residency routes for self-employed, entrepreneurs, retirees, and recently a digital nomad / remote worker route. Bordercase coordinates with licensed Italian partners for filings and tax planning.
Best for	Founders Digital nomads EU access Cost of living	Citizenship by investment Cost of living Regional residency Families	Families Remote workers EU access Long-term residency
Currency	RON	TRY	EUR
Language	Romanian	Turkish	Italian
Time zone	UTC+2	UTC+3	UTC+1
EU member	Yes	No	Yes
Schengen	Yes	No	Yes
Residency	Romanian residency routes: Employment-based residence (including the Blue Card) Digital Nomad Visa - remote workers Business / investor routes Family reunification EU citizen-derivative routes	Türkiye residency routes: Short-term residence permit (1-2 years, renewable) Family permit Work permit - employer-sponsored Student permit Citizenship-by-investment via real estate or qualifying deposits / investments	Italian residency routes: Elective Residency Visa - passive income, no employment in Italy Self-employment visa (within quota) Entrepreneur visa Investor visa Digital nomad / remote worker - for qualified professionals Flat-tax regime (Article 24-bis) and impatriate regime may apply.
Company setup	SRL (limited liability) is the standard structure. Formation involves notary and trade registry. Microcompany tax regime may apply for small businesses with eligible activities.	Limited Şirket (LLC) and AŞ (Joint Stock) are common structures. Notary registration, tax registration, and a tax representative are typically required.	SRL (Limited Liability Company) and SRL Semplificata are the standard structures. Italian tax residency triggers worldwide reporting; the flat-tax regime for new residents (article 24-bis) and the impatriate regime may apply to eligible individuals.
Banking	Personal and corporate banking for residents is broadly accessible. Bordercase coordinates introductions for non-standard cross-border structures.	Personal banking for residents is broadly accessible; non-resident corporate banking has tightened. Source-of-funds and ownership clarity are central.	Resident banking is straightforward; corporate banking and certain non-standard structures require coordination. Bordercase introduces banking partners where useful.
Family	Family reunification is supported. International schools (English, French, German) are concentrated in Bucharest, Cluj, and Timișoara.	Family reunification is supported on most routes. International schools (English, German, French, Italian) are available in Istanbul and Ankara.	Family reunification is supported. Public and private schools are widely available; international schools are concentrated in major cities.
Risks	Risks Bordercase watches for in Romania: Tax residency triggers Microcompany regime eligibility Processing variations between counties Schengen entry / exit rules now apply	Risks Bordercase watches for in Türkiye: Restricted residency zones (some districts no longer issue short-term residency to foreigners) Currency volatility on investment routes Shifting policy on the citizenship-by-investment programme Banking documentation requirements tighten regularly	Risks Bordercase watches for in Italy: Tax residency triggers Flat-tax regime eligibility and possible revocation Regional administrative variation Language and bureaucratic friction Impatriate regime conditions vary
Documents	Typical Romanian residency documents: Passport Criminal record certificate Proof of address Basis for residence Health insurance Family certificates Apostilled and translated to Romanian.	Typical Türkiye documents: Passport Biometric photos Proof of address Proof of income or savings Health insurance Criminal record certificate Marriage / birth certificates for family Documents apostilled and translated to Turkish.	Typical Italian residency documents: Passport Criminal record certificate Proof of income (significant for elective residency) Health insurance valid in Italy Accommodation evidence Codice fiscale (tax number) Apostille and certified Italian translation where required.

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